Ganjifa Cards of Mysore (Karnataka): History, Craftsmanship, and Cultural Legacy

Ganjifa cards of Mysore represent one of India’s most refined and historically rich traditional card art forms. More than a recreational object, Ganjifa cards reflect royal patronage, artistic excellence, and cultural storytelling. These hand-painted circular playing cards are deeply rooted in Indian history and are closely associated with the courts of Mughal emperors and later the Wodeyar kings of Mysore.

Unlike modern playing cards, Ganjifa cards are unique in form, symbolism, and craftsmanship. Every card is painted by hand, making each deck a collectible piece of heritage art.

Historical Origins of Ganjifa Cards

Persian Roots and Arrival in India

The word Ganjifa is derived from the Persian word “Ganj”, meaning treasure or treasury. Historians believe that Ganjifa originated in Persia and was introduced to India during the early medieval period. The card game gained immense popularity during the 16th century, especially under the Mughal emperors.

Mughal Ganjifa decks were elaborate and luxurious. They often contained 96 cards divided into 8 suits, with inscriptions in Arabic or Urdu. These cards were primarily used by royalty and nobility.

Spread of Ganjifa in Indian Kingdoms

Mughal Influence and Regional Adaptation

As Mughal influence spread across India, Ganjifa cards evolved regionally. Indian rulers adapted the game to suit local administration systems, mythology, and artistic traditions.

One of the most significant adaptations occurred under King Khem Sawant Bhonsle III, the ruler of Sawantwadi (present-day Maharashtra). He learned about Ganjifa from scholars of the Telangana region and introduced a structured system reflecting state governance.

In this system:

• Each department of administration was represented by a suit

• Cards were numbered from 1 to 10

• Decks retained 96 cards

• Colours such as black, red, green, and chocolate brown were used

Ganjifa Cards of Mysore: Royal Patronage

Role of the Mysore Wodeyars

The Ganjifa cards of Mysore flourished under the patronage of the Wodeyar dynasty of Karnataka. Mysore became a major center where Ganjifa transformed from a game into a sacred and artistic expression.

Mysore Ganjifa decks often depicted:

• Dashavatara (Ten Avatars of Vishnu)

• Episodes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata

• Hindu deities and cosmic symbolism

Unlike Mughal Ganjifa, which focused on courtly themes, Mysore Ganjifa emphasized spiritual narratives, making the cards both educational and devotional.

Traditional Materials Used in Ganjifa Cards

Evolution of Raw Materials

Historically, materials used in Ganjifa cards depended on social class:

• Royal decks: Ivory, tortoise shell, mother-of-pearl

• Common decks: Palm leaf, cloth, papier-mâché

In Mysore, artisans perfected the use of cloth-based and papier-mâché cards, layered and polished to achieve durability.

Natural pigments were used, prepared from:

• Minerals

• Vegetables

• Plant extracts

These eco-friendly materials ensured longevity and vibrant colors.

Craftsmanship and Artistic Technique

Step-by-Step Making Process

The making of Ganjifa cards of Mysore is a labor-intensive process:

1. Base Preparation: Layers of cloth are pasted and sun-dried

2. Circular Cutting: Cards are cut into perfect circles

3. Smoothing: Surfaces are polished using stones or shells

4. Hand Painting: Detailed miniature paintings are created

5. Natural Coating: Lac or resin applied for protection

Each deck may take several weeks to complete, requiring precision and artistic mastery.

Cultural and Social Importance

Ganjifa as a Community Activity

Traditionally, Ganjifa was played during:

• Festivals

• Family gatherings

• Community celebrations

It was not just entertainment but a social bonding activity where elders passed stories, morals, and traditions to younger generations.

In Mysore, playing Ganjifa was often linked with religious observance, especially when Dashavatara-themed decks were used.

GI Recognition of Ganjifa Cards of Mysore

A major milestone for this craft was its recognition under the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.

GI Registration Details

GI registration legally protects the authenticity of Ganjifa cards of Mysore and prevents misuse of the name by mass-produced imitations.

Modern Relevance and Revival Efforts

Today, Ganjifa cards of Mysore are promoted through:

• Museums and exhibitions

• Craft fairs

• Online heritage platforms

• Cultural workshops

Design schools and NGOs are collaborating with artisans to document techniques and ensure transmission of skills to future generations.

Final Thoughts:

Ganjifa cards of Mysore are not merely playing cards. They are visual manuscripts, carrying stories of kings, gods, administration, and social harmony. Their survival reflects India’s commitment to preserving intangible cultural heritage through law, art, and community support.

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