Shadow Puppets of Andhra Pradesh

Shadow Puppets of Andhra Pradesh represent one of India’s most visually striking traditional performing arts, with a history spanning over a century. This art form combines storytelling, craftsmanship, and ritual performance, using translucent leather puppets illuminated against a lit screen to narrate episodes from Indian epics and folklore.

Recognized as a Geographical Indication (GI) product, these puppets preserve an ancient cultural narrative while adapting to contemporary forms such as decorative lampshades, ensuring continuity of the tradition and sustainable livelihoods for artisans.

History of Shadow Puppets in Andhra Pradesh

Shadow puppetry in Andhra Pradesh, traditionally known as Tholu Bommalata, has a history spanning over a hundred years. It developed as a visual storytelling tradition used to narrate epics such as the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and stories of Krishna to village communities. Long before modern entertainment, these performances served as an important cultural and educational medium.

Artisans crafted large, translucent puppets from treated leather, designed to cast dramatic shadows when illuminated by oil lamps. Each character followed strict visual conventions, making deities, heroes, and demons instantly recognizable. Over time, as live performances declined, the art adapted into decorative forms like lampshades and wall panels. This evolution helped preserve the craft while ensuring continued livelihoods for artisans, keeping the tradition relevant in the modern era.

Location & Artistry

This traditional craft is practiced in various regions of Andhra Pradesh, where artisan families have preserved the skill through generations. The artistry lies in transforming animal leather into expressive, colorful figures that come alive through light and shadow.

Artisans are deeply skilled in leather treatment, hand painting, and symbolic design. Deities, animals, floral patterns, and mythological characters dominate the visual language. Even in modern adaptations like leather lampshades, the core narrative style remains unchanged, reflecting a seamless blend of tradition and innovation.

Craft Technique and Production Process

The creation of shadow puppets involves a meticulous, multi-stage process:

• Raw leather undergoes rigorous cleaning by soaking in lime water for 10–15 days

• The softened surface is scraped clean using hand tools

• A second soaking follows, using kadaka powder, a local vegetable dye, for another 10 days

• The leather naturally turns light brown, becoming ready for design work

• Artisans draw outlines using fine hand brushes

• Natural vegetable dyes are applied in vibrant shades of red, green, yellow, white, brown, and orange

This labor-intensive process ensures durability, translucency, and vivid color projection when illuminated.

Themes and Visual Storytelling

The puppets traditionally depict episodes from:

• Ramayana

• Mahabharata

• Krishna Leela

• Local folklore and mythological tales

Each puppet acts as a visual narrator, and when projected against light, creates dramatic silhouettes that bring stories to life. The same visual language is now adapted to leather lampshades, maintaining narrative depth while expanding market relevance.

Contemporary Adaptation and Livelihood

To sustain their craft, artisans have innovated by applying shadow puppet art to decorative leather lampshades. This shift has helped preserve traditional knowledge while creating new income opportunities. Although the medium has evolved, the form, motifs, and storytelling essence remain authentic.

GI Registration and Recognition

Shadow Puppets of Andhra Pradesh received Geographical Indication status on 9 September 2008, protecting its cultural identity and traditional production methods.

Name of GI Registered Product: Shadow Puppets of Andhra Pradesh
Category: Handicrafts
State: Andhra Pradesh
Certificate Registration Date: 09/09/2008
Registered Applicant: Andhra Pradesh Handicrafts Development Corporation Ltd.
Registered Address: “Hasthkala Bhavan”, Musheerabad, Hyderabad – 20

This recognition ensures that only authentic, region-specific products can be marketed under this name.